ABSTRACT
Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) is the advancement in gene technology and which is the important part of modern biotechnology and it involved in increasing the new properties of bacteria, plants and animals. In the biosciences genetics is the branch of biology which includes genes, genetic variation and heredity in organisms. The genetical studies deals with the combination of an organism’s environment and experiences to influence development and behavior often referred to as nature versus nurture. The present decade has witnessed enormous advantages of the in genetic engineering. It is important that these advances in genetics do not remain as domain of the specialists in this field. So that the researcher should take into point that aware of recent advances in genetics in order to provide beneficiary humans. In the recent days the biotechnology covers the many branches like genetics, biochemistry, molecular biology, molecular genetics, environmental biotechnology, nanotechnology bioinformatics etc. the technology and the new products were improving every day in this concerned discipline. The present study reveals that the genetics made an impact on human genetic disorders, genetic engineering in every celled organism especially humans.
Genetic engineering referred to as genetic modification is the direct manipulation of an organism’s genome using biological techniques. Biotechnology is specifically important in the field of medicine, where it facilitates the production of therapeutic proteins and other drugs. Among the subjects studied under biotechnology, Genetics plays a major role in drug discovery and genetics is the study of heredity and variation of inherited characters. In the year of 1905, the term “genetics” was coined by William Bateson. The study of genes, genetic variation, and heredity in organisms comes under genetics. Biotech is most important for its implications in health and medicine. Though heredity had been observed for millennia, Gregor Johann Mendel, a scientist and Augustinian friar working in the 19th century, was the first to study genetics scientifically. Later it was called Mendelian genetics/ Mendelism. The genetical studies are not only to understand the cause of a disease but also to recognizing the manner in which an individual responds to particular therapies. Drug metabolism is itself under genetic control, and susceptibility to side effects in some cases is governed by genetic predispositions. The main concept of genetic factors and genetic disorders is important in learning more about promoting health and preventing disease. Some genetic changes have been associated with an increased risk of having a child with a birth defect or developmental diseases like cancer or heart diseases. All behavior has heritable components. All behavior is the joint product of heredity and environment, but differences in behavior can be apportioned between heredity and environment. Many genetic diseases and disorders are found nowadays using advanced technologies. Some advanced technologies of years are discussed below.
The important needs of this study were to find out the root of various diseases and disorders. To reach the goal most of the scientists all over the world are inclined toward the use of DNA sequencing and next-generation genetic testing. This advancement in human chromosome study is stimulating the growth of the global DNA/gene microarray market. DNA/gene microarray finds application in various fields such as proteomics, genomics, environment, agricultural biology, drug research and development, SNP analysis, gene expression, cancer/oncology, and others (Anonymous, 2020). With these all outstanding applications, the vendors working in the global DNA/gene microarray market are gaining remarkable expansion opportunities. Through that numerous key trends, opportunities, and dynamics related to growth within the DNA/gene microarray market were enunciated. The global DNA/gene microarray market consists of multiple segments based on geography, application, and end-user. DNA/Gene Microarray Services have been important for the Growing Number of Genetic Disorders Highlights. Thereby next-generation genetic testing and DNA sequencing across the domain of medical research and diagnosis were increased. The growth drivers of Global DNA/Gene Microarray Market are, Rising Incidence of Genetic Disorders: Genetic disorders and diseases are becoming more in number in a mass population. The medical industry invested for the study of various genotypes which shall in turn drive market demand. It is very important for the medical industry to study DNA sequences in unaffected and diverse environments. The witness the next decade will be witness the inflow of fresh revenues into the global DNA/gene microarray market was witnessed by the next decades. And Study of Kids with Down syndrome: Several research laboratories are focused on the study of genetic disorders such as Down syndrome and autism. The high incidence of these genetic abnormalities has created humongous revenues within the global DNA/gene microarray market (Anonymous, 2020).
The use of the microarrays is very simple have and not requires large-scale DNA sequencing and allows the parallel quantification of thousands of genes from multiple samples. It has well defined protocols for hybridizations. It provides data for thousands of genes. Thus, One experiment instead of many. It is very fast and easy to obtain results and gene expression was studied by the different parts of DNA.
“Global Pediatric Genetic Testing Market: Global Pediatric Genetic Testing Market focused on Origin, Sample Type, Product Type, Disease Type, Technologies, Application Area, Country Data (15 countries) were Analyzed and Forecasting, 2020-2030 .”
The global pediatrics genetic testing market was valued $2,782.8 million in 2019, and it’s expected to grow at a powerful double-digit rate of 14.30% and reach a worth of 12,063.2 million in 2030. At moment the pediatric genetic testing market is favored by multiple factors, which include rising government initiatives, coupled up with the overall population’s growing awareness per genetic conditions. Additionally, the increasing number of advancements in molecular diagnostics, more genetic counselors is a few of the key driving factors for the pediatric genetic testing market. Within the research report, the market is segmented on the idea of origin (somatic disorders and hereditary disorders), sample types (tissue, bone marrow, blood and saliva), product type (kits, LDT tests, and reagents), disease type (neurological disorder, cardiac disorder, developmental disorder, and others), application area (academic and research, clinical diagnostics, drug discovery and monitoring and screening), and region (North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, geographical area, and Rest-of-the-World).
This segmentation highlights value propositions and business models useful for industry leaders and stakeholders. The research also comprises country-level analysis, go-to-market strategies of leading players, future opportunities, among others to detail the scope and supply a 360-coverage of the domain (Dublin, 2020).
This market focuses on child health before, and after birth. This helps the fetus/child born without genetic disorders because the screening process for already done and treating measures got. Whether the disorder was severe, researches were made to forestall or treat it in future genomics. The genetic tests involved are: pediatric SNHI, newborn hearing screening and newborn screening which has slight/mild SNHI, late-onset/ progressive SNHI, and no access to UNHS. During this marketing research, the mortality of healthy genetic disorder free child is just too low.
Aquaculture genomics, Genetics, and breeding market set for rise and trend by 2020 – 2026
The aquaculture Genomics, Genetics, and breeding market report presents some extent by point estimation of the market through complete appraisal, fantastic experiences, and bona fide expectations managing the aquaculture genomic, Genetics, and breeding market size. It depends on attempted and tried methodologies alongside convictions within the event of the estimate made accessible. During this manner the nitty-gritty investigation of aquaculture genomic, Genetics, and Breeding market fills in as a repository of examination and data for every a part of the market, especially concerning nearby markets, innovation, classifications, and use. (Kuldeep, 2020)
The genetic study involved during this market promotes the expansion of aquaculture and breeding. This produces a replacement type of species via cross-breeding during aquaculture genomics and therefore, the breeding technique used can get number of people in a particular species in the minimal time, so can increase productivity of high health and nutrition.
Recent advancements in carcinoma treatment
Lung cancer is broadly divided into two main groups: non-small cell carcinoma (NSCLC), which accounts for about 3 out of 4 lung cancers within the US, and tiny cell carcinoma (SCLC), which makes up most of the remaining cases. These differing types of carcinoma are treated differently. Immunotherapy may be a big focus of today’s advancements in carcinoma treatment. These often use immune checkpoint inhibitors, which are drugs that block proteins on immune cells, and thereby allow the immune cells to focus on the cancer cells. The resulting increase in anticancer immune responses by immune checkpoint inhibitors is achieved by targeting PD-L1 and PD-1 proteins. Another form of surgery being championed for carcinoma is robotic-assisted surgery. This involves the surgeon maneuvering surgical instruments using robotic arms. Currently, there’s not much evidence to indicate that this kind of surgery is more practical than traditional surgery for carcinoma. It’s also generally limited to large cancer centers and isn’t accessible to smaller hospitals. (Sara Ryding, 2020)
Robotic surgery: Less risk of complications, like post-operative infection, b , and and blood transfusions, Less pain and scarring, Shorter hospital stay, Faster recovery, enabling a quicker return to normal activities.
Immunotherapy unlike Chemotherapy which acts directly on cancerous tumors, immunotherapy treats patients by performing on their system. Immunotherapy can boost the immune reaction within the body furthermore as teach the system the way to identify and destroy cancer cells.
PRE — implantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) market overview 2020 – 2025
Pre implantation genetic diagnosis (PGD or PIGD) is the genetic profiling of embryos prior to implantation (as a form of embryo profiling), [1] and sometimes even of oocytes prior to fertilization. PGD is taken into account in a very similar fashion to prenatal diagnosis. The PGD allows studying the DNA of eggs or embryos to pick those who carry certain mutations for genetic diseases. It is useful when there are previous chromosomal or genetic disorders within the family and within the context of in vitro fertilization programs. The procedures may additionally be called pre-implantation genetic profiling to adapt to the actual fact that they’re sometimes used on oocytes or embryos before implantation for other reasons than diagnosis or screening (Anonymous, 2021)
In market segmentation by the types, the report covers: Chromosomal Abnormalities, Gender Select ion, X-linked Diseases, Aneuploidy, Single Gene Disorders, Others. In market segmentation by the applications, the report covers the subsequent uses: Maternity Centers & Fertility Clinics, Hospitals, Diagnostic Labs, and repair Providers, Research Laboratories & Academic Institute. The key factor attributing to the e expansion of the market may be a rising awareness among parents r regarding advancements in diagnostics with an enormous volume of neonatal deaths. Thanks to complications during childbirth. The growing prevalence of congenital genetic diseases like Edwards’s syndrome and customary pediatric respiratory disorders like pneumonia, and asthma are observed in recent years. As per the estimates published b y the world organization Children’s Fund (UNICEF) in November 2018, about 3 million deaths occurred thanks to pediatric pneumonia worldwide annually. These abnormalities occur almost exclusively in couples with hereditary disorders, which were observed to occur majorly in industrialized nations. Thus, increased demand for earlier diagnosis and an increase in government initiatives to regulate the healthcare burden is probably going to drive the pre-implantation genetic testing market. (Anonymous, 2020)
Pre-implantation genetic fingerprinting (PGP) has been suggested as a way to determine embryo quality in an invitro fertilization, to pick an embryo that appears to own the chances for successful pregnancy. A more modern application of PGD is to diagnose late-onset diseases and (cancer) predisposition syndromes. (Anonymous)
PGD combines the recent advances in genetic science and in assisted reproductive technology. Increases implantation success rate, reduce on within the chance o f getting a toddler with aneuploidy, reduces t he likelihood of getting to decide on to terminate the pregnancy following a diagnosis of probable genetic disease, Reduction in pregnancy loses, PGD c a help eliminate some genetic diseases cures that don,’t seem to b e likely to be found soon. Examples are Tay-Sachs diseases, cystic fibrosis, Huntington disease, X-linked dystrophies.
Serum free freezing media market is booming worldwide 2020 – 2027
Serum-Free Cell Freezing Medium is a sterile, ready-to-use medium suitable for the cryopreservation of adherent and suspension cell cultures. The development of defined cell culture environment often termed serum free or chemically defined media. It is an Animal Component-Free, Protein-Free Cell Freezing Medium. Cells cryopreserved using Serum-Free Freezing Medium show levels of viability and percent attachment (adherent cells) that are comparable to cells preserved in DMSO and FBS. Serum-Free Cell Freezing Medium can be used for both cells cultured in serum-supplemented growth medium as well as cells grown under serum-free conditions. The cryoprotectant dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO), fetal bovine serum (FBS) is often added to the freezing medium for the cryoconservation of serum dependent cell lines. FBS, with its high protein content, protects cells against shear forces and gives the medium a desirable osmotic environment with a physiological viscosity (Anonymous, 2020).
Advantages includes,
- Serum-free, protein-free
- Ready-to-use solution
- Cryoprotective formulation designed to minimize dehydration effects
- Simple freezing protocol
- Effective maintenance of cell viability ,adhesion ,and bioactivity
- Suitable for use in cell banks and biopharmaceutical application.
Presence of serum in the media lead to misinterpretations in immunological studies these media are specifically formulated to support the culture of single cell type and incorporate defined quantities of purified components. This advancement includes avoidance of serum toxicity, Less protein interference in bio assay, Improved reproducibility between cultures and Avoidance of batch to batch variations of sera, No serum proteases to degrade sensitive proteins, Selective cultures of differentiated and functional cell types from heterogeneous population of primary cultures and In absence of serum, the phenotype of cell can be well controlled.
Reverse genetics
Reverse genetics plays a large role in vaccine synthesis. Reverse genetics is a method in molecular genetics that is used to help understand the function(s) of a gene by analyzing the phenotypic effects caused by genetically engineering specific nucleic acid sequences within the gene.
Recent advances in Leis mania reverse genetics:
Manipulating a manipulative parasite. The utilization of current methods and the development of more advanced molecular tools will lead to greater understanding of the role of essential genes in the parasite and thereby more robust drug target validation, thereby paving the way for the development of novel therapeutics to treat this important disease. (Samuel M and Duncan, 2017)
Reverse genetics for influenza B viruses and recent advances in vaccine development:
Reverse genetics has facilitated advancements in the field of vaccine development against influenza B virus. Different strategies have been explored showing promising results that could potentially lead to the development broadly protective influenza B virus vaccines. (Stivalis Cardenas- Garcia, 2020)
Reverse genetics enables researchers to understand gene function by observing changes to phenotypes of cells and organisms that are created with modifications to their genomes. Reverse genetics also plays a crucial role in the development of highly specific live attenuated versions of vaccines against specific viruses. (Anonymous, 2020).
Genetic engineering key to developing covid 19 VACCINES
To quickly create potential vaccines against COVID-19, researchers are using genetic engineering rather than traditional methods, which can take years. Three different techniques based on DNA and RNA molecules are speeding to human trials, but whether they will work, or can be scaled up to millions of doses, is unclear.(Schmidt,2020) The key to such vaccine is genetic engineering, which has already resulted in the development of several successful vaccines. The active ingredients for the HPV (Human Papillomavirus) vaccines, for example, are proteins produced from genetically modified bacteria. The hepatitis B vaccine, Erevebo, a vaccine for Ebola, manufactured by Merk, and the rotavirus vaccine are other examples of GE vaccines. A genetically modified rabies vaccine has been created for dogs and cattle (Cerier, 2020). COVAXINTM, India’s indigenous COVID-19 vaccine by Bharat Biotech is developed in collaboration with the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) – National Institute of Virology (NIV). The indigenous, inactivated vaccine is developed and manufactured in Bharat Biotech’s BSL-3 (Bio-Safety Level 3) high containment facility. The vaccine is developed using Whole-Virion Inactivated Vero Cell derived platform technology. Inactivated vaccines do not replicate and are therefore unlikely to revert and cause pathological effects. They contain dead virus, incapable of infecting people but still able to instruct the immune system to mount a defensive reaction against an infection. AstraZeneca’s vaccine uses adenovirus-vectored technology. The Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna vaccines, meanwhile, rely on mRNA technology, which essentially introduces a piece of genetic code that tricks the body into producing COVID-19 antibodies, no virus required. (Smith, 2021)
This controls the spread of covid 19 corona virus and reduces the impact and loss caused by the virus in such a pandemic situation. Covaxin and other vaccines indulged for vaccination of corona viruses promotes the body’s immune system which was also based on genetic engineering technology.
CRISPR-cas9 Technology
CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats) is a family of DNA sequences found in the genomes of prokaryotic organisms such as bacteria and archaea. These sequences are derived from DNA fragments of bacteriophages that had previously infected the prokaryote. With its versatility and ease of use, CRISPR-Cas9 can be implemented to fuel the production of therapeutic immune cells, such as construction of chimeric antigen receptor T(CAR-T) cells and programmed cell death protein 1 knockout. Therefore, CRISPR-Cas9 technology holds great promise in cancer immunotherapy (An- Liang Xia, 2018)
Importance of this advancement: Through RNA-directed Cas9 nucleases, the CRISPR-Cas9 system can modify DNA with greater precision than existing technologies like TALEN and ZFN. An advantage the CRISPR-Cas9 system offers over other mutagenic techniques like ZFN and TALEN is the relative simplicity of its plasmid design and construction. CRISPR-Cas9 was first used as a gene editing tool in 2012. In just a few years, the technology has exploded in popularity thanks to its promise of making gene editing much faster, cheaper and easier than ever before (Anonymous, 2020). These are seven diseases that scientists are already tackling with the help of CRISPR-Cas9, and which could eventually become the first conditions to ever be treated with this revolutionary technology (Fernandez, 2019).
Global Hereditary Genetic Testing Markets, 2020-2030
Global Hereditary Genetic Testing Market to Reaches $67.39 Billion by 2030. Hereditary genetic testing has grown significantly since the technology was first commercialized, but it’s important to quantify that growth and describe future trends. the expansion Drivers are, Rising Prevalence of Genetic Disorders, Increasing Prevalence of assorted varieties of Cancer, Globally and Increasing Research Funding within the Field of Genomics.(Dublin, 2021)
Importance of this advancement: Hereditary genetic testing could be a test taken by an individual consistent with his/her wish to understand whether their parental disorder or disease is inherited. This test is truly good only if the pros of genetic testing outweigh the cons for your situation. It’s should not be a one-size-fits-all approach. This advancement prevents the inheritance of genetic disorders/diseases and might able to treat it in some cases.
Conclusion:
Genetic engineering plays a significant role in treating inherited medical condition caused by a DNA abnormality. It’s easy to work out how biotechnology is used for medicinal purposes. Biotechnology offers a greater control over the manufacturing process, allowing significant reduction in risks of contamination through infectious pathogens. Like all technologies, biotechnology offers the potential of enormous benefit but also potential risks. All the advances discussed above are the medical measures taken for diagnosing and treating genetic disorders and diseases which occurred by inherited or chromosomal mutation. These are a number of the technologies adapted during this 20th century. But this, scientists and researchers are work beyond for the modernization of genetics.
References:
1. An-Liang Xia, Qi-Feng He, Jin-Cheng Wang, Jing Zhu, Ye-Qin Sha, Beicheng Sun, Xiao-Jie Lu(2018)- Applications and advances of CRISPR-Cas9 in cancer immunotherapy, BMJ journals.
2. Anonymous (2020) – Pre-implantation Genetic Testing Market – Growth, Trends, and Forecast (2020 – 2025), Research and markets
3. Anonymous (2020): DNA/Gene Microarray Market – Growing Number of Genetic Disorders Highlights Need for DNA/Gene Microarray Services, Bio space.
4. Anonymous (2020): DNA/Gene Microarray Market – Latest Premium Research Report with Forecast by 2029, Bio space
5. Anonymous (2021) – Global Pre-implantation Genetic Diagnosis (PGD) Market 2020 Opportunity Assessment, Key Drivers and Challenges, Growth Rate and Forecast to 2025,
6. Charles Schmidt (2020) – Genetic Engineering Could Make a COVID-19 Vaccine in Months rather Than Years, scientific American
7. Clara Rodriguez Fernandez (2019)-7 diseases CRISPR technology could cure, LaBio Tech.eu
8. COVAXINTM – India‘s First Indigenous COVID-19 Vaccine, bharat biotech
9. Dublin (2021)-global hereditary testing markets 2020-2030 technological advancements for exome sequencing rise of dtc testing services massive scope for adoption ngs based in emerging nations, PRNewswire
10. Dublin (2020)–(Business Wire)—the Global Pediatric Genetic Testing Market
11. Jake smith (2021) – How Does the AstraZeneca COVID-19 Vaccine Compare to Pfizer’s and Moderna’s, prevention
12. Kuldeep(2020) -aquaculture genomics genetics and breeding market set for rapid growth and trend by 2020-2026, the daily chronicle
13. Samuel M Duncan , Nathaniel G Jones , Jeremy C Mottram (2017) – Recent advances in Leishmania reverse genetics: Manipulating a manipulative parasite, pubmed
14. Sara Ryding- Recent Advancements in Lung Cancer Treatment, News medical life sciences 2020.
15. Steven Cerier (2020) – genetic engineering key to develop covid 19 vaccine, genetic literacy project
16. Stivalis Cardenas-Garcia , C Joaquin Caceres , Daniela Rajao , Daniel R Perez (2020) – Reverse genetics for influenza B viruses and recent advances in vaccine development, pub med.
17. Wikipedia- Pre-implantation Genetic diagnosis